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Polyestradiol phosphate (PEP), sold under the brand name Estradurin, is an estrogen medication which is used primarily in the treatment of prostate cancer in men. [1] [9] [2] [10] It is also used in women to treat breast cancer, as a component of hormone therapy to treat low estrogen levels and menopausal symptoms, and as a component of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women.
The side effects of bicalutamide, a nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA), including its frequent and rare side effects, have been well-studied and characterized. The most common side effects of bicalutamide monotherapy in men include breast tenderness, breast growth, feminization, demasculinization, and hot flashes.
Along with triptorelin and goserelin, it has been used to delay puberty in transgender youth until they are old enough to begin hormone replacement therapy. [17] Researchers have recommended puberty blockers after age 12, when the person has developed to Tanner stages 2–3, and then cross-sex hormones treatment at age 16.
Cyproterone acetate (CPA), sold alone under the brand name Androcur or with ethinylestradiol under the brand names Diane or Diane-35 among others, is an antiandrogen and progestin medication used in the treatment of androgen-dependent conditions such as acne, excessive body hair growth, early puberty, and prostate cancer, as a component of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender individuals ...
Sex hormones play an important role in bone growth and maintenance. The effects of hormone therapy on bone health are not fully understood, and may depend on whether hormone therapy is started before or after puberty. [309] Bone density continue to grow and change over time.
The side effects of cyproterone acetate (CPA), a steroidal antiandrogen and progestin, including its frequent and rare side effects, have been studied and characterized.It is generally well-tolerated and has a mild side-effect profile, regardless of dosage, when it used as a progestin or antiandrogen in combination with an estrogen such as ethinylestradiol or estradiol valerate in women.
It is recommended that physicians screen for prostate cancer with a digital rectal exam and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level before starting therapy, and monitor PSA and hematocrit levels closely during therapy. [31] Some studies argue that ART increases the risk of prostate cancer, although the results are not conclusive. [32]
A 2015 Cochrane review found that NSAA monotherapy for prostate cancer had a greater risk of treatment discontinuation due to adverse effects than monotherapy with a GnRH agonist or surgical castration (RR = 1.82). [122] This included a greatly increased risk of breast pain (RR = 22.97) and gynecomastia (RR = 8.43). [122]