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In 1957, J. J. Burns showed that some mammals are susceptible to scurvy as their liver does not produce the enzyme l-gulonolactone oxidase, the last of the chain of four enzymes that synthesize vitamin C. [186] [187] American biochemist Irwin Stone was the first to exploit vitamin C for its food preservative properties.
Vitamin C administration may also acidify the urine and could promote the precipitation of kidney stones or drugs in the urine. [20] Although vitamin C can be well tolerated at doses well above what government organizations recommend, adverse effects can occur at doses above 3 grams per day.
Kidneys are a good source of proteins, vitamin A, riboflavin (vitamin B 2 vitamer), niacin (vitamin B 3 vitamer), vitamin B 12, iron, phosphorus and zinc. [2] Kidneys, along with liver, contain the most riboflavin compared to other offals and meat. [12] Lamb and beef kidneys contain folate (vitamin B 9 vitamer).
[38] [39] The excess dietary intake of vitamin C might increase the risk of calcium-oxalate stone formation. [40] The link between vitamin D intake and kidney stones is also tenuous. Excessive vitamin D supplementation may increase the risk of stone formation by increasing the intestinal absorption of calcium; correction of a deficiency does ...
Calcitriol is a hormone and the active form of vitamin D, normally made in the kidney. [8] [9] [10] It is also known as 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.It binds to and activates the vitamin D receptor in the nucleus of the cell, which then increases the expression of many genes. [11]
Humans have a far faster and more accurate throw than other animals. [165] Humans are also among the best long-distance runners in the animal kingdom, but slower over short distances. [ 166 ] [ 154 ] Humans' thinner body hair and more productive sweat glands help avoid heat exhaustion while running for long distances. [ 167 ]
Patients with kidney disease and those undergoing dialysis treatment generally show significantly lower levels of creatine in their organs, since the pathological kidneys are both hampered in creatine synthesis capability and are in back-resorption of creatine from the urine in the distal tubules.
Vitamin D oral supplementation and skin synthesis have a different effect on the transport form of vitamin D, plasma calcifediol concentrations. Endogenously synthesized vitamin D 3 travels mainly with vitamin D-binding protein (DBP), which slows hepatic delivery of vitamin D and the availability in the plasma. [11]
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