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Intravaginal administration is a route of administration where the substance is applied inside the vagina. Pharmacologically , it has the potential advantage to result in effects primarily in the vagina or nearby structures (such as the vaginal portion of cervix ) with limited systemic adverse effects compared to other routes of administration.
About 60% of the metronidazole is metabolized by oxidation to the main metabolite hydroxymetronidazole and a carboxylic acid derivative, and by glucuronidation. The metabolites show antibiotic and antiprotozoal activity in vitro. [61] Metronidazole and its metabolites are mainly excreted via the kidneys (77%) and to a lesser extent via the ...
One study found that vaginal irrigations with hydrogen peroxide (3%) resulted in a slight improvement, but this was much less than with the use of oral metronidazole. [72] Intravaginal boric acid, alone or in conjunction with other medications, may be helpful in the treatment of recurrent BV. [70] [73] [10]
Both of these increase the risk of the inability to get pregnant, [27] and 1% results in an ectopic pregnancy. [40] Chronic pelvic/abdominal pain develops post PID 40% of the time. [ 40 ] Certain occurrences such as a post pelvic operation, the period of time immediately after childbirth ( postpartum ), miscarriage or abortion increase the risk ...
Certain types of vaginitis may result in complications during pregnancy. [1] The three main causes are infections, specifically bacterial vaginosis, vaginal yeast infection, and trichomoniasis. [2] Other causes include allergies to substances such as spermicides or soaps or as a result of low estrogen levels during breast-feeding or after ...
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Intravaginal (vaginal suppository): butoconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole, nystatin, tioconazole, terconazole. [4] Candidal vulvovaginitis in pregnancy should be treated with intravaginal clotrimazole or nystatin for at least 7 days. [26] All are more or less equally effective. [27] By mouth: ibrexafungerp, fluconazole as a single dose. [4]
Treatment include antibiotics, specifically metronidazole and clindamycin (Hay, 2010). Studies have shown a correlation between vaginal microbiota and BV development through 16S RNA sequencing. Community state types (CSTs) are used to identify variation between a healthy vaginal microbiota and vaginal microbiota of someone with BV.