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Pronouns that elevate the audience still in use include quý khách (valued customer), quý vị (esteemed guests). Bạn (friend) is also popular among young people as a way of addressing each other. Vietnamese speakers also refer to themselves and others by name, eliminating the need for personal pronouns altogether. For example:
The pronouns are categorized into two classes depending on whether they can be preceded by the plural marker chúng. Like other Asian pronominal systems, Vietnamese pronouns indicate the social status between speakers and other persons in the discourse in addition to grammatical person and number. The table below shows the first class of ...
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Download as PDF; Printable version; In other projects ... Help. Pages in category "Vietnamese grammar" The following 3 pages are in this category, out of 3 total ...
This is especially true when speaking of the southern Chinese varieties. However, Vietnamese has retained a highly complex system of pronouns, in which the terms mostly derive from Chinese. For example, bác, chú, dượng, and cậu are all terms ultimately derived from Chinese and all refer to different statuses of "uncle".
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Most words are created by either compounding or reduplicative derivation. Affixation is a relatively minor derivational process. Older styles of Vietnamese writing wrote polysyllabic words with hyphens separating the syllables, as in cào-cào "grasshopper", sinh-vật-học "biology", or cà-phê "coffee".
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