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2. High-intensity discharge lamp - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp

   Ballasts for discharge lamps. Like fluorescent lamps, HID lamps require a ballast to start and maintain their arcs. The method used to initially strike the arc varies: mercury-vapor lamps and some metal-halide lamps are usually started using a third electrode near one of the main electrodes, while other lamp styles are usually started using ...

3. Germicidal lamp - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germicidal_lamp

   Low power consumption of semiconductors introduce UV disinfection systems that utilized small solar cells in remote or Third World applications. [ 2 ] By 2019, LEDs made up 41.4% of UV light sales, up from 19.2% in 2014 [ 3 ] The UV-C LED global market is expected to rise from $223m in 2017 to US$991m in 2023.

4. Compact fluorescent lamp - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp

   The adapter consists of a regular bulb screw, the ballast itself and a clip for the lamp's connector. Non-integrated bi-pin double-turn CFL with G24d plug-in base An electronic ballast and permanently attached tube in an integrated CFL. CFLs have two main components: a magnetic or electronic ballast and a gas-filled tube (also called bulb or ...

5. Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_germicidal...

   The UV dose is measured in light energy per area, i.e. radiant exposure or fluence. The fluence a microbe is exposed to is the product of the light intensity, i.e. irradiance and the time of exposure, according to: UV dose (μJ/cm 2) = UV intensity (μW/cm 2) × exposure time (seconds) [76]

6. Tanning lamp - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanning_lamp

   These new ballasts operate at voltages up to 600 V AC, and at 20,000 Hz, with some high frequency ballasts operating as high as 100,000 Hz or higher. This allows the ballast to energize the lamp with more than raw power, and instead operates using a combination of electrical force and induction. This allows a 100 watt lamp to fully light with ...

7. Electrical ballast - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_ballast

   [1] [3] To prevent this, fluorescent tubes are connected to the power line through a ballast. The ballast adds positive impedance (AC resistance) to the circuit to counteract the negative resistance of the tube, limiting the current. [1] Several American magnetic ballasts for fluorescent lamps. The top is a rapid start series autoregulator ...

8. Mercury-vapor lamp - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-vapor_lamp

   In the US, ballasts for mercury-vapor lamps for general illumination, excluding specialty application mercury-vapor lamp ballasts, were banned after January 1, 2008. [19] Because of this, several manufacturers have begun selling replacement compact fluorescent (CFL) and light emitting diode (LED) bulbs for mercury-vapor fixtures, which do not ...

9. Deuterium arc lamp - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterium_arc_lamp

   This is similar to the situation in a hydrogen flame. Arc lamps made with ordinary light-hydrogen provide a very similar UV spectrum to deuterium, and have been used in UV spectroscopes. However, lamps using deuterium have a longer life span and an emissivity (intensity) at the far end of their UV range which is three to five times that of an ...