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2. Phase-locked loop - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-locked_loop

   A phase-locked loop or phase lock loop (PLL) is a control system that generates an output signal whose phase is fixed relative to the phase of an input signal. Keeping the input and output phase in lockstep also implies keeping the input and output frequencies the same, thus a phase-locked loop can also track an input frequency.

3. Voltage-controlled oscillator - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-controlled_oscillator

   A VCO is also an integral part of a phase-locked loop. VCOs are used in synthesizers to generate a waveform whose pitch can be adjusted by a voltage determined by a musical keyboard or other input. A voltage-to-frequency converter (VFC) is a special type of VCO designed to be very linear in frequency control over a wide range of input control ...

4. Phase-locked loop range - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-locked_loop_range

   The loop may not lock within one beat note, but the VCO frequency will be slowly tuned toward the reference frequency (acquisition process). This effect is also called a transient stability. The pull-in range is used to name such frequency deviations that make the acquisition process possible (see, for example, explanations in Gardner (1966 , p.

5. Costas loop - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costas_loop

   Costas loop working in the locked state. In the classical implementation of a Costas loop, [4] a local voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) provides quadrature outputs, one to each of two phase detectors, e.g., product detectors.

6. Charge-pump phase-locked loop - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-pump_phase-locked_loop

   Here is a normalized phase shift and + is a ratio of the VCO frequency + to the reference frequency . Finally, the discrete-time model of second order CP-PLL without the VCO overload [ 4 ] [ 6 ]

7. Direct digital synthesis - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_digital_synthesis

   In a traditional phase locked loop (PLL), the frequency divider in the feedback path acts to multiply the phase noise of the reference oscillator and, within the PLL loop bandwidth, impresses this excess noise onto the VCO output.

8. Floyd M. Gardner - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_M._Gardner

   Floyd M. Gardner introduced "a lock-in range concept" for PLLs and posed the problem on its formalization (known as the Gardner problem on the lock-in range [5] [6]).In the 1st edition of his book he introduced a lock-in frequency concept for the PLL in the following way: [1]: 40 "If, for some reason, the frequency difference between input and VCO is less than the loop bandwidth, the loop will ...

9. Frequency multiplier - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_multiplier

   A phase-locked loop (PLL) uses a reference frequency to generate a multiple of that frequency. A voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) is initially tuned roughly to the range of the desired frequency multiple. The signal from the VCO is divided down using frequency dividers by the multiplication factor. The divided signal and the reference ...