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In elementary algebra, the binomial theorem (or binomial expansion) describes the algebraic expansion of powers of a binomial.According to the theorem, the power (+) expands into a polynomial with terms of the form , where the exponents and are nonnegative integers satisfying + = and the coefficient of each term is a specific positive integer ...
The binomial coefficients can be arranged to form Pascal's triangle, in which each entry is the sum of the two immediately above. Visualisation of binomial expansion up to the 4th power. In mathematics, the binomial coefficients are the positive integers that occur as coefficients in the binomial theorem.
In mathematics, Kummer's theorem is a formula for the exponent of the highest power of a prime number p that divides a given binomial coefficient. In other words, it gives the p-adic valuation of a binomial coefficient. The theorem is named after Ernst Kummer, who proved it in a paper, (Kummer 1852).
Lucas's theorem can be generalized to give an expression for the remainder when () is divided by a prime power p k.However, the formulas become more complicated. If the modulo is the square of a prime p, the following congruence relation holds for all 0 ≤ s ≤ r ≤ p − 1, a ≥ 0, and b ≥ 0.
In mathematics, Pascal's triangle is an infinite triangular array of the binomial coefficients which play a crucial role in probability theory, combinatorics, and algebra.In much of the Western world, it is named after the French mathematician Blaise Pascal, although other mathematicians studied it centuries before him in Persia, [1] India, [2] China, Germany, and Italy.
In mathematics, Pascal's rule (or Pascal's formula) is a combinatorial identity about binomial coefficients.It states that for positive natural numbers n and k, + = (), where () is a binomial coefficient; one interpretation of the coefficient of the x k term in the expansion of (1 + x) n.
For example, when =, the binomial coefficient () is equal to 6, and there are six arrangements of two copies of A and two copies of B: AABB, ABAB, ABBA, BAAB, BABA, BBAA. The same central binomial coefficient ( 2 n n ) {\displaystyle {\binom {2n}{n}}} is also the number of words of length 2 n made up of A and B within which, as one reads from ...
In elementary number theory, the lifting-the-exponent lemma (LTE lemma) provides several formulas for computing the p-adic valuation of special forms of integers. The lemma is named as such because it describes the steps necessary to "lift" the exponent of in such expressions.