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Photobiology is the scientific study of the beneficial and harmful interactions of light (technically, non-ionizing radiation) in living organisms. [1] The field includes the study of photophysics, photochemistry, photosynthesis, photomorphogenesis, visual processing, circadian rhythms, photomovement, bioluminescence, and ultraviolet radiation effects.
This is an example of mutualism where the pollinators receive a resource in exchange for aiding plants in their pollination and reproduction. [1] UV patterns can vary among like species and unlike species. [1] UV reflection is independent of flower symmetry, but larger size does increase the frequency of reflection. [2]
One minimal erythemal dose of sunlight UV radiation provides the equivalent of about 20,000 IU of vitamin D2, taken as an oral supplement. [citation needed] If an adult's arms and legs are exposed to a half minimal erythemal UV radiation, it is the same as taking 3,000 IU of vitamin D 3 through an oral supplement. This exposure of 10–15 ...
Extremely hot stars (such as O- and B-type) emit proportionally more UV radiation than the Sun. Sunlight in space at the top of Earth's atmosphere (see solar constant) is composed of about 50% infrared light, 40% visible light, and 10% ultraviolet light, for a total intensity of about 1400 W/m 2 in vacuum. [23]
Photoprotection is the biochemical process that helps organisms cope with molecular damage caused by sunlight.Plants and other oxygenic phototrophs have developed a suite of photoprotective mechanisms to prevent photoinhibition and oxidative stress caused by excess or fluctuating light conditions.
The ultraviolet radiation in sunlight has both positive and negative health effects, as it is both a requisite for vitamin D 3 synthesis and a mutagen. Sunlight takes about 8.3 minutes to reach Earth from the surface of the Sun. [ 3 ] A photon starting at the center of the Sun and changing direction every time it encounters a charged particle ...
Mineral sunscreens form a barrier between the skin and the sun's rays, while chemical sunscreens bind to the top layer of skin and transform UV rays into heat that disperses, said researcher Dr ...
Ultraviolet UV-A and UV-B radiation is harmful to living systems. An important tool used to deal with UV exposure is the biosynthesis of small-molecule sunscreens. MAAs have been implicated in UV radiation protection. The genetic basis for this implication comes from the observed induction of MAA synthesis when organisms are exposed to UV ...