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18th-century physicians expected that obstetrics would continue to grow, but the opposite happened. Obstetrics entered a stage of stagnation in the 19th century, which lasted until about the 1880s. [77]: 96–98 The central explanation for the lack of advancement during this time was the rejection of obstetrics by the medical community. [91]
1747 – James Lind: Conducts one of the earliest European clinical trials, showing that scurvy was cured by consuming fresh oranges and lemons, but not other tested acids or drinks. 1774 – Charles Mason: Conducts an experiment near the Scottish mountain of Schiehallion that attempts to measure the mean density of the Earth for the first time.
Antoine Lavoisier publishes Traité Élémentaire de Chimie, the first modern chemistry textbook. It is a complete survey of (at that time) modern chemistry, including the first concise definition of the law of conservation of mass, and thus also represents the founding of the discipline of stoichiometry or quantitative chemical analysis. [42 ...
Early physicians Galen and Dioscorides believed that women would consume willow and pomegranate kernels to prevent pregnancy as well. [ 16 ] Soranus of Ephesus advocated for the application of ointments made of old olive oil, honey, cedar resin, and white lead on the cervix in order block the opening to the uterus.
In 1615 Jean Beguin published the Tyrocinium Chymicum, an early chemistry textbook, and in it draws the first-ever chemical equation. [43] In 1637 René Descartes publishes Discours de la méthode, which contains an outline of the scientific method.
Lavoisier saw his theory accepted by all the most eminent men of his time, and established over a great part of Europe within a few years from its first promulgation." [ 12 ] In the 19th century, William Whewell described the revolution in science itself – the scientific method – that had taken place in the 15th–16th century.
In the 1840s, when Ignaz Semmelweis began his career in obstetrics, an expectant mother entering a maternity ward had a 10-20% chance of dying from this particular illness/complication. [20] For some areas in Europe the figure was greater with an estimated death rate as high as 30%. [22]
5th century BC: The Greeks start experimenting with straightedge-and-compass constructions. [30] 5th century BC: The earliest documented mention of a spherical Earth comes from the Greeks in the 5th century BC. [31] It is known that the Indians modeled the Earth as spherical by 300 BC [32] 460 BC: Empedocles describes thermal expansion. [33]