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Kahneman and Miller (1986) originally explored the exceptionality effect using two experimental scenarios: the hitchhiker scenario and the car accident scenario. In the hitchhiker scenario, participants evaluated two individuals: Mr. Jones, who rarely picks up hitchhikers but does so and gets robbed, and Mr. Smith, who regularly picks up hitchhikers and also gets robbed.
A hitchhiker mutation (or passenger mutation in cancer biology) may itself be neutral, advantageous, or deleterious. [ 7 ] Recombination can interrupt the process of genetic hitchhiking, ending it before the hitchhiking neutral or deleterious allele becomes fixed or goes extinct. [ 6 ]
Ambiguity effect; Assembly bonus effect; Audience effect; Baader–Meinhof effect; Barnum effect; Bezold effect; Birthday-number effect; Boomerang effect; Bouba/kiki effect; Bystander effect; Cheerleader effect; Cinderella effect; Cocktail party effect; Contrast effect; Coolidge effect; Crespi effect; Cross-race effect; Curse of knowledge ...
Differential item functioning (DIF) is a statistical property of a test item that indicates how likely it is for individuals from distinct groups, possessing similar abilities, to respond differently to the item. It manifests when individuals from different groups, with comparable skill levels, do not have an equal likelihood of answering a ...
Douglas Adams' 1982 novel Life, the Universe and Everything (in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy comedy science fiction series) introduces the idea of an "SEP field" as a kind of cloaking device. The character Ford Prefect says,
A common test for negative transfer is the AB-AC list learning paradigm from the verbal learning research of the 1950s and 1960s. In this paradigm, two lists of paired associates are learned in succession, and if the second set of associations (List 2) constitutes a modification of the first set of associations (List 1), negative transfer results and thus the learning rate of the second list ...
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[4] [5] [7] For example, anti-drug agencies previously used posters with images of drug paraphernalia – which is a type of drug cue – as an attempt to show the dangers of drug use. However, such posters are no longer used because of the effect of incentive salience in causing cravings and relapse upon sight of the stimuli illustrated in the ...