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Python sets are very much like mathematical sets, and support operations like set intersection and union. Python also features a frozenset class for immutable sets, see Collection types. Dictionaries (class dict) are mutable mappings tying keys and corresponding values. Python has special syntax to create dictionaries ({key: value})
For brevity, these words will have the specified meanings in the following tables (unless noted to be part of language syntax): funcN A function.
The name "pipeline" comes from a rough analogy with physical plumbing in that a pipeline usually [2] allows information to flow in only one direction, like water often flows in a pipe. Pipes and filters can be viewed as a form of functional programming, using byte streams as data objects.
Python's is operator may be used to compare object identities (comparison by reference), and comparisons may be chained—for example, a <= b <= c. Python uses and, or, and not as Boolean operators. Python has a type of expression named a list comprehension, and a more general expression named a generator expression. [78] Anonymous functions ...
Functional programs do not have assignment statements, that is, the value of a variable in a functional program never changes once defined. This eliminates any chances of side effects because any variable can be replaced with its actual value at any point of execution. So, functional programs are referentially transparent. [77]
A closure-constructing operator creates a function object from a part of the program: the part of code given as an argument to the operator is part of the function, and so is the lexical environment: the bindings of the lexically visible variables are captured and stored in the function object, which is more commonly called a closure.
In combinatory logic for computer science, a fixed-point combinator (or fixpoint combinator), [1]: p.26 is a higher-order function (i.e. a function which takes a function as argument) that returns some fixed point (a value that is mapped to itself) of its argument function, if one exists.
First-class functions are a necessity for the functional programming style, in which the use of higher-order functions is a standard practice. A simple example of a higher-ordered function is the map function, which takes, as its arguments, a function and a list, and returns the list formed by applying the function to each member of the list.