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View of the root directory in the OpenIndiana operating system. In a computer file system, and primarily used in the Unix and Unix-like operating systems, the root directory is the first or top-most directory in a hierarchy. [1] It can be likened to the trunk of a tree, as the starting point where all branches originate from.
where name_of_directory is the name of the directory one wants to create. When typed as above (i.e. normal usage), the new directory would be created within the current directory. On Unix and Windows (with Command extensions enabled, [15] the default [16]), multiple directories can be specified, and mkdir will try to create all of them.
A directory is a logical section of a file system used to hold files. Directories may also contain other directories. The cd command can be used to change into a subdirectory, move back into the parent directory, move all the way back to the root directory or move to any given directory.
Microsoft Windows file shortcuts have the ability to store the working directory. COMMAND.COM in DR-DOS 7.02 and higher provides ECHOS, a variant of the ECHO command omitting the terminating linefeed. [4] [3] This can be used to create a temporary batchjob storing the working directory in an environment variable like CD for later use, for example:
The %ComSpec% variable contains the full path to the command processor; on the Windows NT family of operating systems, this is cmd.exe, while on Windows 9x, %COMSPEC% is COMMAND.COM. %OS% The %OS% variable contains a symbolic name of the operating system family to distinguish between differing feature sets in batchjobs .
In computer security, jailbreaking is defined as the act of removing limitations that a vendor attempted to hard-code into its software or services. [2] A common example is the use of toolsets to break out of a chroot or jail in UNIX-like operating systems [3] or bypassing digital rights management (DRM).
Determining the root cause – debugging the bug – can be simple in some cases, where the program will consistently cause a segmentation fault (e.g., dereferencing a null pointer), while in other cases the bug can be difficult to reproduce and depend on memory allocation on each run (e.g., dereferencing a dangling pointer).
Microsoft Windows and DOS directory traversal uses the ..\ or ../ patterns. [2] Each partition has a separate root directory (labeled C:\ where C could be any partition), and there is no common root directory above that. This means that for most directory vulnerabilities on Windows, attacks are limited to a single partition.