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  2. Circular error probable - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_error_probable

    [1] [4] That is, if a given munitions design has a CEP of 100 m, when 100 munitions are targeted at the same point, an average of 50 will fall within a circle with a radius of 100 m about that point. There are associated concepts, such as the DRMS (distance root mean square), which is the square root of the average squared distance error, a ...

  3. Osculating circle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osculating_circle

    Close to P, the distance between the points of the curve C and the circle S in the normal direction decays as the cube or a higher power of the distance to P in the tangential direction. This is usually expressed as "the curve and its osculating circle have the second or higher order contact " at P .

  4. Smallest-circle problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallest-circle_problem

    The weighted version of the minimum covering circle problem takes as input a set of points in a Euclidean space, each with weights; the goal is to find a single point that minimizes the maximum weighted distance (i.e., distance multiplied by the corresponding weight) to any point.

  5. Radius of curvature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius_of_curvature

    where c ∈ ℝ n is the center of the circle (irrelevant since it disappears in the derivatives), a,b ∈ ℝ n are perpendicular vectors of length ρ (that is, a · a = b · b = ρ 2 and a · b = 0), and h : ℝ → ℝ is an arbitrary function which is twice differentiable at t.

  6. Minute and second of arc - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc

    The subtension is linear with the distance, for example, at 500 yards, 1 MOA subtends 5.235 inches, and at 1000 yards 1 MOA subtends 10.47 inches. Since many modern telescopic sights are adjustable in half ( ⁠ 1 / 2 ⁠ ), quarter ( ⁠ 1 / 4 ⁠ ) or eighth ( ⁠ 1 / 8 ⁠ ) MOA increments, also known as clicks , zeroing and adjustments are ...

  7. Great-circle distance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great-circle_distance

    A diagram illustrating great-circle distance (drawn in red) between two points on a sphere, P and Q. Two antipodal points, u and v are also shown. The great-circle distance, orthodromic distance, or spherical distance is the distance between two points on a sphere, measured along the great-circle arc between them. This arc is the shortest path ...

  8. Circular mean - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_mean

    In mathematics and statistics, a circular mean or angular mean is a mean designed for angles and similar cyclic quantities, such as times of day, and fractional parts of real numbers. This is necessary since most of the usual means may not be appropriate on angle-like quantities.

  9. Circular motion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_motion

    The equations of motion describe the movement of the center of mass of a body, which remains at a constant distance from the axis of rotation. In circular motion, the distance between the body and a fixed point on its surface remains the same, i.e., the body is assumed rigid.