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The definition of a type 1 and type 2 sequence was first introduced by Vail et al. (1984). [4] Since they were hard to recognize, they were redefined in 1990 by Van Wagoner et al.. However even with this new definition, type 2 sequence boundaries were hard to recognize in the field due to their lack of subaerial exposure.
This is a list of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points. Since 1977, Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (abbreviated GSSPs) are internationally agreed upon reference points on stratigraphic sections of rock which define the lower boundaries of stages on the geologic time scale .
The golden spikes on geologic timescales represent internationally agreed upon references for the boundaries of the stages in the geologic timescale. These contacts have been identified by the International Commission on Stratigraphy and they are known as GSSPs, or global boundary stratotype section and points. Some of these boundary points are ...
A Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP), sometimes referred to as a golden spike, is an internationally agreed upon reference point on a stratigraphic section which defines the lower boundary of a stage on the geologic time scale.
The GSSP (official reference profile) for the base of the Santonian Stage is located near Olazagutia, Spain; it was ratified by the Subcommission on Cretaceous Stratigraphy in 2012. [7] The Santonian's top (the base of the Campanian Stage) is informally marked by the extinction of the crinoid Marsupites testudinarius . [ 8 ]
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Stratigraphic unit: Stage: Time span formality: Formal: Lower boundary definition: LAD of Planktonic Foraminiferans Hantkenina and Cribrohantkenina: Lower boundary GSSP: Massignano quarry section, Massignano, Ancona, Italy: Lower GSSP ratified: 1992 [3] Upper boundary definition
Stratigraphic unit: Stage: Time span formality: Formal: Lower boundary definition: FAD of the calcareous nannofossil Blackites inflatus: Lower boundary GSSP: Gorrondatxe section, Western Pyrenees, Basque Country, Spain: Lower GSSP ratified: April 2011 [3] Upper boundary definition