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The hook effect refers to the prozone phenomenon, also known as antibody excess, or the postzone phenomenon, also known as antigen excess. It is an immunologic phenomenon whereby the effectiveness of antibodies to form immune complexes can be impaired when concentrations of an antibody or an antigen are very high.
Antigen tests such as the pregnancy test shows positive line via the formation of a sandwich immune complex that allows the positive line to be visible, in the occurrence of Hook Effect, large amounts of analyte exists in the solution which saturates the antibodies, preventing normal binding and formation of the sandwich immune complex ...
A pregnancy test is used to determine whether a female is pregnant or not. The two primary methods are testing for the female pregnancy hormone ( human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)) in blood or urine using a pregnancy test kit, and scanning with ultrasonography . [ 1 ]
The increased estrogen in pregnancy leads to increase corticosteroid-binding globulin production and in response the adrenal gland produces more cortisol. [5] The net effect is an increase of free cortisol. This contributes to insulin resistance of pregnancy and possibly striae. [5]
The NFL playoff schedule is about to be set, with the wild-card dates and times for every matchup to be revealed during Week 18.
A standard drink is 12 ounces of a regular beer, 8 ounces of a malt liquor, 5 ounces of a glass of wine, and 1.5 ounces of a spirit, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
The hook effect is a phenomenon which occurs in immunoassays and can lead to false negatives or inaccurately low results. The effect is caused by extremely high concentrations of either the antigen or an antibody used in the assay. The hook effect plagues sandwich assays more so than their two-step counterparts.
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