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  2. List of random number generators - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_random_number...

    These approaches combine a pseudo-random number generator (often in the form of a block or stream cipher) with an external source of randomness (e.g., mouse movements, delay between keyboard presses etc.). /dev/random – Unix-like systems; CryptGenRandom – Microsoft Windows; Fortuna

  3. Spectral test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_test

    The spectral test is a statistical test for the quality of a class of pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs), the linear congruential generators (LCGs). [1] LCGs have a property that when plotted in 2 or more dimensions, lines or hyperplanes will form, on which all possible outputs can be found. [ 2 ]

  4. Linear congruential generator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_congruential_generator

    For a specific example, an ideal random number generator with 32 bits of output is expected (by the Birthday theorem) to begin duplicating earlier outputs after √ m ≈ 2 16 results. Any PRNG whose output is its full, untruncated state will not produce duplicates until its full period elapses, an easily detectable statistical flaw. [ 36 ]

  5. Random number generation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_number_generation

    Random number generation is a process by which, often by means of a random number generator (RNG), ... Donald Knuth (1997). "Chapter 3 – Random Numbers".

  6. Fisher–Yates shuffle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher–Yates_shuffle

    However, the need in a Fisher–Yates shuffle to generate random numbers in every range from 0–1 to 0–n almost guarantees that some of these ranges will not evenly divide the natural range of the random number generator. Thus, the remainders will not always be evenly distributed and, worse yet, the bias will be systematically in favor of ...

  7. Random number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_number

    The Fisher-Yates shuffle (or Knuth shuffle) is an algorithm developed in 1938 and popularized in 1964 for shuffling lists using random numbers. In 1999, Intel added a hardware-based random number generator to the Pentium III, which combined oscillator outputs to generate random numbers.

  8. Knuth's Algorithm X - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knuth's_Algorithm_X

    Algorithm X with Knuth's suggested heuristic for selecting columns solves this problem as follows: Level 0. Step 1—The matrix is not empty, so the algorithm proceeds. Step 2—The lowest number of 1s in any column is two. Column 1 is the first column with two 1s and thus is selected (deterministically):

  9. Pseudorandom number generator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator

    A pseudorandom number generator ... is the set of positive integers) a pseudo-random number generator for given taking values in if ... Knuth D.E. The Art of Computer ...