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  2. Effector-triggered immunity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effector-triggered_immunity

    Effector-triggered immunity (ETI) is one of the pathways, along with the pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) pathway, by which the innate immune system recognises pathogenic organisms and elicits a protective immune response. ETI is elicited when an effector protein secreted by a pathogen into the host cell is successfully recognised by the host.

  3. Plant disease resistance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_disease_resistance

    The system is known as PAMP-triggered immunity or as pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). [7] [6] [8] The second tier, primarily governed by R gene products, is often termed effector-triggered immunity (ETI). ETI is typically activated by the presence of specific pathogen "effectors" and then triggers strong antimicrobial responses (see R gene ...

  4. Adaptive immune system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system

    The cornerstone of the immune system is the recognition of "self" versus "non-self". Therefore, the mechanisms that protect the human fetus (which is considered "non-self") from attack by the immune system, are particularly interesting. Although no comprehensive explanation has emerged to explain this mysterious, and often repeated, lack of ...

  5. Immune system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system

    The immune system is a network of biological systems that protects an organism from diseases. It detects and responds to a wide variety of pathogens, from viruses to bacteria, as well as cancer cells, parasitic worms, and also objects such as wood splinters, distinguishing them from the organism's own healthy tissue. Many species have two major ...

  6. Damage-associated molecular pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damage-associated...

    To make up for this lack of defense, plants use the pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) pathways to combat trauma and pathogens. PTI is the first line of defense in plants and is triggered by PAMPs to initiate signaling throughout the plant that damage has occurred to a cell. Along with the PTI, DAMPs are also ...

  7. Elicitor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elicitor

    In response to this threat, plant's have evolved effector recognition protein receptors to recognise, or monitor, effectors and initiate effector-triggered immunity (ETI). [5] ETI is a strong immune response that efficiently protects plants from avirulent biotrophic pathogens and is often associated with the hypersensitive reaction (HR), a form ...

  8. Effector (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effector_(biology)

    RNA effectors. Certain plant pathogens, such as Botrytis cinerea, secrete small RNAs (sRNAs) into the host cells and downregulate plant proteins involved in the immune response by RNA interference. [11] Effector cells. In immunology, effector cells are cells of either the innate or the adaptive immune system that mediate the immune response. [12]

  9. Pathogen-associated molecular pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen-associated...

    Plant immunology frequently treats the terms "PAMP" and "MAMP" interchangeably, considering their recognition to be the first step in plant immunity, PTI (PAMP-triggered immunity), a relatively weak immune response that occurs when the host plant does not also recognize pathogenic effectors that damage it or modulate its immune response. [19]