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In North Africa, the prime examples of irredentism are the concepts of Greater Morocco and Greater Mauritania. [53] While Mauritania has since relinquished any claims to territories outside its internationally recognized borders, Morocco continues to claim Western Sahara, which it refers to as its "Southern Provinces".
Explanations of irredentism try to determine what causes irredentism, how it unfolds, and how it can be peacefully resolved. [18] Various hypotheses have been proposed but there is still very little consensus on how irredentism is to be explained despite its prevalence and its long history of provoking armed conflicts.
During the late 19th century and early 20th century, a number of South African and British political leaders advocated for a Greater South Africa. This irredentism can be regarded as an early form of Pan-Africanism , albeit strictly limited to White Africans of European ancestry .
Irredentism is politically fragmented (East Turkestan Liberation Organization, East Turkestan independence movement) Limited autonomy in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Zulu people [citation needed] Zulu language: Volta-Congo languages: Christianity, Zulu religion: 12,159,000 Africa South Africa, Lesotho, Zimbabwe, Eswatini: KwaZulu-Natal
Separatist movements of Nigeria want to achieve state secession, which is the withdrawal of one or more of the states of Nigeria from the multinational state of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
The 1994 Bophuthatswana crisis was a major political crisis which began after Lucas Mangope, the president of Bophuthatswana, a nominally independent South African bantustan created under apartheid, attempted to crush widespread labour unrest and popular demonstrations demanding the incorporation of the territory into South Africa pending non-racial elections later that year. [7]
[143] [144] [145] Russia has also gained geopolitical influence in Africa through election interference and spreading pro-Russian propaganda and anti-Western disinformation. [ 146 ] [ 147 ] [ 148 ] Russian PMCs have been active in the Central African Republic , Sudan , Libya , Mali , Burkina Faso , Niger and Mozambique , among other countries.
There were many kingdoms and empires in all regions of the continent of Africa throughout history. A kingdom is a state with a king or queen as its head. [1] An empire is a political unit made up of several territories, military outposts, and peoples, "usually created by conquest, and divided between a dominant centre and subordinate peripheries".