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Gas flow can be grouped in four regimes: For Kn≤0.001, flow is continuous, and the Navier–Stokes equations are applicable, from 0.001<Kn<0.1, slip flow occurs, from 0.1≤Kn<10, transitional flow occurs and for Kn≥10, free molecular flow occurs. [6] In free molecular flow, the pressure of the remaining gas can be considered as effectively ...
Flow measurement is the quantification of bulk fluid movement. Flow can be measured using devices called flowmeters in various ways. The common types of flowmeters with industrial applications are listed below: Obstruction type (differential pressure or variable area) Inferential (turbine type) Electromagnetic
In addition to the wide range of length and time scales and the associated computational cost, the governing equations of fluid dynamics contain a non-linear convection term and a non-linear and non-local pressure gradient term. These nonlinear equations must be solved numerically with the appropriate boundary and initial conditions.
Thus for an incompressible inviscid fluid the specific internal energy is constant along the flow lines, also in a time-dependent flow. The pressure in an incompressible flow acts like a Lagrange multiplier , being the multiplier of the incompressible constraint in the energy equation, and consequently in incompressible flows it has no ...
Informally, a flow may be viewed as a continuous motion of points over time. More formally, a flow is a group action of the real numbers on a set. The idea of a vector flow, that is, the flow determined by a vector field, occurs in the areas of differential topology, Riemannian geometry and Lie groups.
A complete set of explicit equations that can be used to calculate the depth of flow and other unknown variables when applying the Manning equation to circular pipes is available. [10] These equations account for the variation of n with the depth of flow in accordance with the curves presented by Camp.
Continuous flow. The discharge is constant throughout the reach of the channel under consideration. This is often the case with a steady flow. This flow is considered continuous and therefore can be described using the continuity equation for continuous steady flow. Spatially-varied flow. The discharge of a steady flow is non-uniform along a ...
There is an increasing interest in polymerization as a continuous flow process. For example, Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer or RAFT polymerization. [17] [18] [19] Continuous flow techniques have also been used for the controlled generation of nanoparticles. [20]