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Leather hornbook in the Cary Graphic Arts Collection. Horn books, battledore books and crisscross books were all tablets designed primarily to teach the alphabet to children [6] laid out as an abecedarium, the elementary method of teaching used from Antiquity to the Middle Ages where letters of the alphabet were taught by rote. [7]
The scribal letter known as textur or textualis, produced by the strong gothic spirit of blackletter from the hands of German area scribes, served as the model for the first text types. Johannes Gutenberg, around 1450, invented a lead type mold, applied it to an alphabet of about 24 characters, and used known press technology to print ink on ...
In the early 19th century, the electrical telegraph was gradually invented allowing a message to be sent over a wire. [19] [20] In 1835, the American inventor Samuel Morse created a dots and dashes language system representing both letters and numbers, called the Morse code, enabling text-based transmissions.
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In Danish texts composed in Fraktur, the letter ø was already preferred to the German and Swedish ö in the 16th century. [ c ] In the Latvian variant of Fraktur, used mainly until the 1920s, there are additional characters used to denote Latvian letters with diacritical marks .
Bickham produced copybooks and business texts, as there was a strong link between writing and mathematics instruction (arithmetic and bookkeeping) in the-mid 17th century to early 18th century. In 1733 Bickham collected penmanship samples from twenty-five London writing masters, engraved and published them in The Universal Penman , issued in ...
After some initial experiments with Chappe-style indicator arms, Edelcrantz settled on a design with ten iron shutters. Nine of these represented a 3-digit octal number and the tenth, when closed, meant the code number should be preceded by "A". This gave 1,024 codepoints which were decoded to letters, words or phrases via a codebook. [51]
The order of the letters of the alphabet is attested from the 14th century BC in the town of Ugarit on Syria's northern coast. [23] Tablets found there bear over one thousand cuneiform signs, but these signs are not Babylonian and there are only thirty distinct characters. About twelve of the tablets have the signs set out in alphabetic order.