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To allow the construction of hybrid systems, where the 4–20 mA is generated by the controller, but allows the use of pneumatic valves, a range of current to pressure (I to P) converters are available from manufacturers. These are usually local to the control valve and convert 4–20 mA to 3–15 psi (or 0.2–1.0 bar).
IEC 61107 or currently IEC 62056-21, was an international standard for a computer protocol to read utility meters. It is designed to operate over any media, including the Internet . A meter sends ASCII (in modes A..D) or HDLC (mode E) data to a nearby hand-held unit (HHU) using a serial port .
The consumption recorded by the meter is therefore less than the actual consumption of the customer in the same proportion. To arrive at actual consumption of customer, consumption registered by meter is multiplied by proportionality factor which is called Multiplying factor or MF. Thus Multiplying factor(MF) formula for energy meter
In electrical engineering, characteristics like current or voltage can be measured by an ammeter, a voltmeter, a multimeter, etc.The ammeter is used in series with the load, so the same current flows through the load and the ammeter.
An electricity meter, electric meter, electrical meter, energy meter, or kilowatt-hour meter is a device that measures the amount of electric energy consumed by a residence, a business, or an electrically powered device over a time interval. Electric utilities use electric meters installed at customers' premises for billing and
The reading produced by a conductor carrying a very low current can be increased by winding the conductor around the clamp several times; the meter reading divided by the number of turns is the current, [4] with some loss of accuracy due to inductive effects.
Submeters can measure use of a single panel, or multiple points within a panel system using single-point, multi-point, and branch circuit submeters. [9] The latest [clarification needed] trend in submetering is Automatic Meter Reading, or AMR. This technology is used to get from meter reading to billing by an automated electronic means.
Graphs by hour of California's total electric load, the total load less solar and wind power (known as the duck curve) and solar power output. Data is for October 22, 2016, a day when the wind power output was low and steady throughout the day. In electrical engineering, a load profile is a graph of the variation in the electrical load versus ...