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In political history, the term directory, in French directoire, is applied to high collegial institutions of state composed of members styled director.Early directorial systems were the Ambrosian Republic (1447-1450), the Bohemian Revolt (1618–1620), New England Confederation (1643–1686), partially in First Stadtholderless Period of Dutch Republic (1650–1672), Pennsylvania Constitution ...
Before the American Civil War, members of Congress did not have staff assistance or even offices, and "most members worked at their desks on the floor." [1]In 1891, Congress had a total of 146 staff members: 37 Senate personal staff, 39 Senate committee staff, and 62 House committee staff (37 of whom only worked during congressional sessions). [2]
The United States federal executive departments are the principal units of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States.They are analogous to ministries common in parliamentary or semi-presidential systems but (the United States being a presidential system) they are led by a head of government who is also the head of state.
The executive branch of the federal government includes the Executive Office of the President and the United States federal executive departments (whose secretaries belong to the Cabinet). Employees of the majority of these agencies are considered civil servants .
The foreword notes: The Congressional Directory is one of the oldest working handbooks within the United States Government. While there were unofficial directories for Congress in one form or another beginning with the 1st Congress in 1789, the Congressional Directory published in 1847 for the 30th Congress is considered by scholars and historians to be the first official edition because it ...
In the United States, government employees includes the U.S. federal civil service, employees of the state governments, and employees of local governments. [ citation needed ] Government employees are not necessarily the same as civil servants, as some jurisdictions specifically define which employees are civil servants; for example, it often ...
The federal government of the United States (U.S. federal government or U.S. government) [a] is the common government of the United States, a federal republic located primarily in North America, comprising 50 states, five major self-governing territories, several island possessions, and the federal district (national capital) of Washington, D.C ...
A typical federal agency description includes: A brief history of the agency, including its legislative or executive authority. A description of its programs and activities. A list of officials heading major operating units. A summary statement of the agency's purpose and role in the Federal Government.