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Examples are orchids and the flowers of most members of the Lamiales (e.g., Scrophulariaceae and Gesneriaceae). Some authors prefer the term monosymmetry or bilateral symmetry. [ 1 ] The asymmetry allows pollen to be deposited in specific locations on pollinating insects and this specificity can result in evolution of new species.
The flowers called actinomorphics, radiate or polysymmetric have radial symmetry, as is the case of Tulipa gesneriana or Linum usitatissimum . In contrast, monosymmetrica l, dorsiventral or zygomorphic flowers have bilateral symmetry and the evolution of their shape is related to the need to attract and guide pollinators to them, as for example ...
A selection of animals showing a range of possible body symmetries, including asymmetry, radial, and bilateral body plans Illustration depicting the difference between bilateral (), radial (actinomorphic flowers) and spherical (coccus bacteria) symmetry
Animals mainly have bilateral or mirror symmetry, as do the leaves of plants and some flowers such as orchids. [30] Plants often have radial or rotational symmetry, as do many flowers and some groups of animals such as sea anemones. Fivefold symmetry is found in the echinoderms, the group that includes starfish, sea urchins, and sea lilies. [31]
Pelorism is the term, said to be first used by Charles Darwin, for the formation of 'peloric flowers' [1] which botanically is the abnormal production of radially symmetrical (actinomorphic) flowers in a species that usually produces bilaterally symmetrical (zygomorphic) flowers. [2] These flowers are spontaneous floral symmetry mutants.
Graphs of roses are composed of petals.A petal is the shape formed by the graph of a half-cycle of the sinusoid that specifies the rose. (A cycle is a portion of a sinusoid that is one period T = 2π / k long and consists of a positive half-cycle, the continuous set of points where r ≥ 0 and is T / 2 = π / k long, and a negative half-cycle is the other half where r ...
Actinomorphic – having a radial symmetry, as in regular flowers. Actinomorphy – when the flower parts are arranged with radial symmetry. Radial – symmetric when bisected through any angle (circular) Unisexual – Zygomorphic – one axis of symmetry running down the middle of the flower so the right and left halves reflect each other.
This is an example of radial symmetry. When flowers are bisected and produce only one line that produces symmetrical halves, the flower is said to be irregular or zygomorphic. If, in rare cases, they have no symmetry at all they are called asymmetric. [23] [24]