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The following is a list of all currently known Mersenne primes and perfect numbers, along with their corresponding exponents p. As of 2024, there are 52 known Mersenne primes (and therefore perfect numbers), the largest 18 of which have been discovered by the distributed computing project Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search, or GIMPS. [2]
Fermat knew that a fourth power cannot be the sum of two other fourth powers (the n = 4 case of Fermat's Last Theorem; see Fermat's right triangle theorem). Euler conjectured that a fourth power cannot be written as the sum of three fourth powers, but 200 years later, in 1986, this was disproven by Elkies with: 20615673 4 = 18796760 4 ...
256 is a composite number, with the factorization 256 = 2 8, which makes it a power of two. 256 is 4 raised to the 4th power, so in tetration notation, 256 is 2 4. [1] 256 is the value of the expression , where =. 256 is a perfect square (16 2). 256 is the only 3-digit number that is zenzizenzizenzic.
In number theory, a perfect number is a positive integer that is equal to the sum of its positive proper divisors, that is, divisors excluding the number itself. For instance, 6 has proper divisors 1, 2 and 3, and 1 + 2 + 3 = 6, so 6 is a perfect number. The next perfect number is 28, since 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28.
Mersenne primes M p are closely connected to perfect numbers. In the 4th century BC, Euclid proved that if 2 p − 1 is prime, then 2 p − 1 (2 p − 1) is a perfect number. In the 18th century, Leonhard Euler proved that, conversely, all even perfect numbers have this form. [5] This is known as the Euclid–Euler theorem.
More generally, the number of primes p ≤ y such that is prime (where a, b are coprime integers, a > 1, −a < b < a, a and b are not both perfect r-th powers for any natural number r > 1, and −4ab is not a perfect fourth power) is asymptotically
Landau's fourth problem asked whether there are infinitely many primes which are of the form = + for integer n. (The list of known primes of this form is A002496 .) The existence of infinitely many such primes would follow as a consequence of other number-theoretic conjectures such as the Bunyakovsky conjecture and Bateman–Horn conjecture .
In mathematics and statistics, sums of powers occur in a number of contexts: . Sums of squares arise in many contexts. For example, in geometry, the Pythagorean theorem involves the sum of two squares; in number theory, there are Legendre's three-square theorem and Jacobi's four-square theorem; and in statistics, the analysis of variance involves summing the squares of quantities.