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Xiao'erjing is unusual among Arabic script-based writing systems in that all vowels, long and short, are explicitly notated with diacritics, making it an abugida. Some other Arabic-based writing systems in China, such as the Uyghur Arabic alphabet , use letters and not diacritics to mark short vowels.
In China, to write texts in their native Chinese language, the Huizu used either hieroglyphs or a modified Arabic script called Xiao'erjing.At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the first Cyrillic records of Dungan dialects in the Russian Empire were made by V. I. Tsibuzgin, a teacher at the Russian-Dungan school in the village of Karakunuz, and his assistant, Zhebur Matsivang.
Xiao'erjing uses the Arabic alphabet to transliterate Chinese. It is used on occasion by many ethnic minorities who adhere to the Islamic faith in China (mostly the Hui, but also the Dongxiang, and the Salar), and formerly by their Dungan descendants in Central Asia.
A book on law in Arabic, with a parallel Chinese translation in the Xiao'erjing Arabic script, published in Tashkent in 1899 Calligraphy on a plaque in the Great Mosque of Xi'an in Sini script The Basmala in Sini script
Xiao'erjing is a Perso-Arabic script adopted for writing of Sinitic languages such as Mandarin (especially the Lanyin, Zhongyuan and Northeastern dialects) or the Dungan language. This writing system is unique (compared to other Arabic-based writing systems) in that all vowels, long and short, are explicitly marked at all times with Arabic ...
Reform of older Arabic-script Uyghur orthography that was used prior to the 1950s. Vowels are mandatory, i.e. alphabet Wolofal: 33 ݖ گ ݧ ݝ ݒ Naskh: Wolof: West Africa Arabic, however, borrows at least one glyph from Perso-Arabic: Xiao'erjing: 36 ٿ س﮲ ڞ ي Naskh: Sinitic languages: China, Central Asia Chagatai
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The Soviet Union banned all Arabic scripts in 1925, [12] which led to a Latin orthography based on Yañalif. The Latin orthography lasted until 1940, when the Soviet government promulgated the current Cyrillic-based system. Xiao'erjing is now virtually extinct in Dungan society, but it remains in limited use by some Hui communities in China.