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In electronics, a transimpedance amplifier (TIA) is a current to voltage converter, almost exclusively implemented with one or more operational amplifiers. The TIA can be used to amplify [ 1 ] the current output of Geiger–Müller tubes , photo multiplier tubes, accelerometers , photo detectors and other types of sensors to a usable voltage.
The transresistance amplifier is often referred to as a transimpedance amplifier, especially by semiconductor manufacturers. The term for a transresistance amplifier in network analysis is current controlled voltage source (CCVS). A basic inverting transresistance amplifier can be built from an operational amplifier and a single resistor ...
The operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) is an amplifier that outputs a current proportional to its input voltage. Thus, it is a voltage controlled current source (VCCS). Three types of OTAs are single-input single-output, differential-input single-output, and differential-input differential-output (a.k.a. fully differential), [ 1 ...
Schematic symbol for an OTA has inverting (V in-) and noninverting (V in+) inputs, power supply lines (V + and V −), two biasing inputs (I abc and I bias), and a single output current I out. The LM13700 is an integrated circuit (IC) containing two current -controlled operational transconductance amplifiers (OTA), each having differential ...
Figure 1: Current sink based on an operational amplifier. Because the op-amp is modeled as a nullor, its input variables are zero regardless of the values of its output variables. Figure 1 shows a voltage-controlled current sink. [4] The sink is intended to draw the same current i OUT regardless of the applied voltage V CC at the output.
A transimpedance amplifier is a very sensitive broadband high-speed device featuring a feedback loop. This fact means the layout is plagued with stability problems and special compensation of PIN diode capacitance must be performed, therefore this doesn't allow selection of a wide range of cheap PIN photodiodes with varying capacitances.
The input voltage source, the resistor, and the op-amp constitutes an "ideal" current source with value, I OUT = V IN /R. The transimpedance amplifier and an op-amp inverting amplifier are typical implementations of this idea. The floating load is a serious disadvantage of this circuit solution.
In high performance CMOS (complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor) amplifier circuits, transistors are not only used to amplify the signal but are also used as active loads to achieve higher gain and output swing in comparison with resistive loads. [1] [2] [3] CMOS technology was introduced primarily for digital circuit design.
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