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Windows 1.0–3.11 and Windows 9x: all applications had privileges equivalent to the operating system;; All versions of Windows NT up to, and including, Windows XP and Windows Server 2003: introduced multiple user-accounts, but in practice most users continued to function as an administrator for their normal operations.
Privilege escalation is the act of exploiting a bug, a design flaw, or a configuration oversight in an operating system or software application to gain elevated access to resources that are normally protected from an application or user.
In Windows NT and later systems derived from it (such as Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, and Windows Vista/7/8/10/11), there must be at least one administrator account (Windows XP and earlier) or one able to elevate privileges to superuser (Windows Vista/7/8/10/11 via User Account Control). [12]
Not holding privileges until actually required is in keeping with the principle of least privilege. Elevated processes will run with the full privileges of the user, not the full privileges of the system. Even so, the privileges of the user may still be more than what is required for that particular process, thus not completely least privilege.
Mandatory Integrity Control is defined using a new access control entry (ACE) type to represent the object's IL in its security descriptor.In Windows, Access Control Lists (ACLs) are used to grant access rights (read, write, and execute permissions) and privileges to users or groups.
A number of computer operating systems employ security features to help prevent malicious software from gaining sufficient privileges to compromise the computer system. . Operating systems lacking such features, such as DOS, Windows implementations prior to Windows NT (and its descendants), CP/M-80, and all Mac operating systems prior to Mac OS X, had only one category of user who was allowed ...
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For example, on Windows a solution with no device drivers can be run directly with no installation, while device drivers must be installed separately using the Windows installer service in order to grant the driver elevated privileges. [3] In practice, there exist multiple competing definitions of true (least privilege).