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Typically in MRS a single spectrum is acquired by averaging enough spectra over a long acquisition time. [8] Averaging is necessary because of the complex spectral structures and relatively low concentrations of many brain metabolites, which result in a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in MRS of a living brain.
In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a specialized technique associated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). [1] [2]Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), also known as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, is a non-invasive, ionizing-radiation-free analytical technique that has been used to study metabolic changes in brain tumors, strokes, seizure disorders, Alzheimer's ...
One of the major areas of research within neurochemistry is looking at how post-traumatic stress disorder alters the brain. Neurotransmitter level fluctuations can dictate whether a PTSD episode occurs and how long the episode lasts. Dopamine has less of an effect than norepinephrine. Different neurochemicals can affect different parts of the ...
Structural magnetic resonance imaging (structural MRI) of a head, from top to base of the skull. The first chapter of the history of neuroimaging traces back to the Italian neuroscientist Angelo Mosso who invented the 'human circulation balance', which could non-invasively measure the redistribution of blood during emotional and intellectual activity.
The Abbreviated Mental Test score (AMTS) is a 10-point test for rapidly assessing elderly patients for the possibility of dementia. It was first used in 1972, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and is now sometimes also used to assess for mental confusion (including delirium ) and other cognitive impairments .
The brain is very complex, and is composed of many different areas and types of tissue, or matter. The different functions of different tissues in the brain may be more or less susceptible to age-induced changes. [6] The brain matter can be broadly classified as either grey matter, or white matter.
A normal brain on the left and a late-stage Alzheimer's brain on the right. During the final stage, known as the late-stage or severe stage, there is complete dependence on caregivers. [19] [33] [41] Language is reduced to simple phrases or even single words, eventually leading to complete loss of speech.
High NAA levels in the hippocampus are related to better working memory performance in humans. [8] Whole-brain levels of NAA have also been found to be positively correlated with educational attainment in adults. [9] NAA may function as a neurotransmitter in the brain by acting on metabotropic glutamate receptors. [10]