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  2. Octet rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octet_rule

    The bonding in carbon dioxide (CO 2): all atoms are surrounded by 8 electrons, fulfilling the octet rule.. The octet rule is a chemical rule of thumb that reflects the theory that main-group elements tend to bond in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble gas.

  3. Electron counting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_counting

    In chemistry, electron counting is a formalism for assigning a number of valence electrons to individual atoms in a molecule. It is used for classifying compounds and for explaining or predicting their electronic structure and bonding. [1] Many rules in chemistry rely on electron-counting:

  4. Lewis structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_structure

    Another shorthand structural diagram is the skeletal formula (also known as a bond-line formula or carbon skeleton diagram). In a skeletal formula, carbon atoms are not signified by the symbol C but by the vertices of the lines. Hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon are not shown—they can be inferred by counting the number of bonds to a particular ...

  5. Structural formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_formula

    A structural formula is a simplified model that cannot represent certain aspects of chemical structures. For example, formalized bonding may not be applicable to dynamic systems such as delocalized bonds. Aromaticity is such a case and relies on convention to represent the bonding. Different styles of structural formulas may represent ...

  6. Oxyanion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyanion

    An oxyanion, or oxoanion, is an ion with the generic formula A x O z− y (where A represents a chemical element and O represents an oxygen atom). Oxyanions are formed by a large majority of the chemical elements. [1] The formulae of simple oxyanions are determined by the octet rule. The corresponding oxyacid of an oxyanion is the compound H z ...

  7. Noble gas - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gas

    The seventh member of group 18 is oganesson, an unstable synthetic element whose chemistry is still uncertain because only five very short-lived atoms (t 1/2 = 0.69 ms) have ever been synthesized (as of 2020 [3]).

  8. Linnett double-quartet theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnett_Double-Quartet_Theory

    In Lewis' bonding model, the electrons tend to pair up in bonds such that an atom has a total of four chemical bonds and lone pairs associated with it: thus, the atom can satisfy its octet. LDQ theory also acknowledges that the elements in the ‘first short period’ of the periodic table tend to attain an octet of electrons surrounding them.

  9. Hypervalent molecule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervalent_molecule

    For example, in phosphorus pentafluoride (PF 5), 5 resonance structures can be generated each with four covalent bonds and one ionic bond with greater weight in the structures placing ionic character in the axial bonds, thus satisfying the octet rule and explaining both the observed trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry and the fact that the ...