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The Livonian War (1558–1583) concerned control of Old Livonia (in the territory of present-day Estonia and Latvia). The Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of the Dano-Norwegian Realm , the Kingdom of Sweden , and the Union (later Commonwealth ) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland .
The Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory (also referred to as the Russo-Polish War) [3] took place in the final stage of the Livonian War, between 1577 and 1582. Polish–Lithuanian forces led by Stephen Báthory successfully fought against the army of Russian tsar Ivan IV ("the Terrible") over the Duchy of Livonia and Polotsk .
The Kingdom of Livonia [a] was a nominal state in what is now the territory of Estonia and Latvia.Russian tsar Ivan IV declared the establishment of the kingdom during the Livonian War of 1558–1583, but it never functioned properly as a polity.
The Treaty, Truce or Second Peace of Novgorod was concluded in March 1557. It ended the Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557), a series of skirmishes in the Viborg and Oreshek areas resulting from Swedish attempts to keep Livonia, where the Teutonic Order's rule had collapsed, out of the Russian sphere of influence.
The Livonian Order then sought protection from Sigismund II Augustus, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, who had intervened in a war between Bishop William of Riga and the Brothers in 1557. After coming to an agreement with Sigismund II, Augustus and his representatives (especially Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł ), the last Livonian ...
During the Livonian War, Livonia was invaded by the Russian army of Tsar Ivan IV.After defeat in the Battle of Ergeme in 1560, the weakened Livonian Order was dissolved, and the Duchy of Livonia and Duchy of Courland and Semigallia were ceded to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania according to the Treaty of Vilnius (1561).
1481–1491, war between the Livonian Order and the alliance of the Archbishopric of Riga and the town of Riga; 1532–1536, Ösel-Wiek Feud, within the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek; 1556–1557, Coadjutor Feud, between the Livonian Order and the alliance of the Archbishopric of Riga;
1551–1559 Italian War of 1551–1559 – 75,000 killed in action [1] 1552–1555 Second Margrave War; 1554 Wyatt's rebellion; 1554–1557 Russo-Swedish War; 1558–1583 Livonian War; 1559–1564 Spanish-Ottoman War – 24,000 killed in action [1] 1560 Siege of Leith; 1562–1598 French Wars of Religion; 1563–1570 Northern Seven Years' War