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It resembles small-cell cancer of the lungs and accounts for less than 3% of all cervical cancers. Like small-cell cancer in the lungs, the lymph nodes play a major role in spreading the cancer throughout the body. SCC begins in the inner part of the cervix and is very hard to diagnose.
Small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) has long been divided into two clinicopathological stages, termed limited stage (LS) and extensive stage (ES). [8] The stage is generally determined by the presence or absence of metastases, whether or not the tumor appears limited to the thorax, and whether or not the entire tumor burden within the chest can feasibly be encompassed within a single radiotherapy ...
In the late 1960s through 1971 a cluster of young women, from their teens into their twenties, was mysteriously diagnosed with clear-cell adenocarcinoma (CCA), a cancer not generally found in women until after menopause. Doctors at Massachusetts General Hospital eventually linked DES exposure before birth to the development of CCA in these ...
A squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) is an abnormal growth of epithelial cells on the surface of the cervix, commonly called squamous cells. This condition can lead to cervical cancer, but can be diagnosed using a Pap smear or a colposcopy.
[8] [7] Cancer that has spread from the colon, bladder, and stomach is far more common than cancer that originates in the vagina itself. [9] Some benign tumors may later progress to become malignant tumors, such as vaginal cancers. [10] [11] Some neoplastic growths of the vagina are sufficiently rare as to be only described in case studies. [3]
The cause of CIN is chronic infection of the cervix with HPV, especially infection with high-risk HPV types 16 or 18. It is thought that the high-risk HPV infections have the ability to inactivate tumor suppressor genes such as the p53 gene and the RB gene, thus allowing the infected cells to grow unchecked and accumulate successive mutations, eventually leading to cancer.
Cervical clear cell carcinoma (CCC) is typically HPV-negative, though many are p16 positive. [3] Traditionally, clear cell carcinoma of the lower genital tract in females was related to diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure in utero. More recently, these cases develop sporadically or are related to vaginal adenosis.
Cytology of squamous metaplasia of the cervix, with typical features. Pap stain. Pap stain. Endometrial adenocarcinoma (carcinoma at left in image) with squamous differentiation evidenced as necrotic “ghost cells” of keratinocytes at right in image, leaving pink keratin as well as clear spaces at the prior locations of the cell nuclei.