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The word "incumbent" is derived from the Latin verb incumbere, literally meaning "to lean or lay upon" with the present participle stem incumbent-, "leaning a variant of encumber, [1] while encumber is derived from the root cumber, [2] most appropriately defined: "To occupy obstructively or inconveniently; to block fill up with what hinders freedom of motion or action; to burden, load."
These are lists of incumbents (individuals holding offices or positions), including heads of states or of subnational entities.. A historical discipline, archontology, focuses on the study of past and current office holders.
Organizational culture encompasses the shared norms, values, behaviors observed in schools, universities, not-for-profit groups, government agencies, and businesses reflecting their core values and strategic direction. [1] [2] Alternative terms include business culture, corporate culture and company culture. The term corporate culture emerged ...
In a proxy fight, incumbent directors and management have the odds stacked in their favor over those trying to force the corporate change. [2] These incumbents use various corporate governance tactics to stay in power, including: staggering the boards (i.e., having different election years for different directors), controlling access to the ...
The incumbent's official title might be that of rector, vicar, "curate-in-charge" or "perpetual curate". [4] The difference between these titles is now largely historical. Originally, an incumbent was either a rector who received all the tithes or a vicar who received only the small tithes (see Impropriation).
Incumbent firms may have an exclusive right to use the brand name, making it expensive or impossible for new entrants to license rights to names. [10] Capital requirements - Many industries require the investment of large financial resources to start a new business, which deters new entrants. For example, new airlines require millions of ...
In government and politics, inauguration is the process of swearing a person into office and thus making that person the incumbent. Such an inauguration commonly occurs through a formal ceremony or special event, which may also include an inaugural address by the new official.
A high correlation between election and incumbency has been demonstrated in congressional races. The success rate of incumbent members of the U.S. House of Representatives seeking re-election averaged 93.5 percent during the 1960s and 1970s. [1] Statistically, the initial edge for the incumbent candidate is 2-4 percent of the vote. [2]