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In astronomy, the geocentric model (also known as geocentrism, often exemplified specifically by the Ptolemaic system) is a superseded description of the Universe with Earth at the center. Under most geocentric models, the Sun , Moon , stars , and planets all orbit Earth.
In the Hipparchian, Ptolemaic, and Copernican systems of astronomy, the epicycle (from Ancient Greek ἐπίκυκλος (epíkuklos) 'upon the circle', meaning "circle moving on another circle") [1] was a geometric model used to explain the variations in speed and direction of the apparent motion of the Moon, Sun, and planets.
Original - Figure of the heavenly bodies - Illustration of the Ptolemaic geocentric model of the Universe by Portuguese cosmographer and cartographer Bartolomeu Velho (?-1568). Taken from the his treaty Cosmographia, made in Paris, 1568 (Bibilotèque National, Paris). Notice the distances of the bodies to the centre of the Earth (left) and the ...
English: The Ptolemaic geocentric model of the Universe according to the Portuguese cosmographer and cartographer Bartolomeu Velho (Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris). Español : El modelo geocéntrico del universo de Ptolomeo , de acuerdo al cosmógrafo y cartógrafo portugués Bartolomeu Velho (Biblioteca Nacional de Francia, París).
An edition in Latin of the Almagestum in 1515. The Almagest (/ ˈ æ l m ə dʒ ɛ s t / AL-mə-jest) is a 2nd-century mathematical and astronomical treatise on the apparent motions of the stars and planetary paths, written by Claudius Ptolemy (c. AD 100 – c. 170) in Koine Greek. [1]
Ptolemaic model of the spheres for Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn with epicycle, eccentric deferent and equant point. Georg von Peuerbach , Theoricae novae planetarum , 1474. In his Almagest , the astronomer Ptolemy (fl. c. 150 AD) developed geometrical predictive models of the motions of the stars and planets and extended them to a unified ...
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Al-Biṭrūjī was the first astronomer to present the concentric spheres model as an alternative to the Ptolemaic system, with the planets borne by geocentric spheres. Another original aspect of his system was proposing a physical cause of celestial motions. [4] His alternative system spread through most of Europe during the 13th century. [1]