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Graphene is a transparent and flexible conductor that holds great promise for various material/device applications, including solar cells, [338] light-emitting diodes (LED), integrated photonic circuit devices, [339] [340] touch panels, and smart windows or phones. [341]
Graphene doped with various gaseous species (both acceptors and donors) can be returned to an undoped state by gentle heating in vacuum. [22] [24] Even for dopant concentrations in excess of 10 12 cm −2 carrier mobility exhibits no observable change. [24] Graphene doped with potassium in ultra-high vacuum at low temperature can reduce ...
A two-dimensional semiconductor (also known as 2D semiconductor) is a type of natural semiconductor with thicknesses on the atomic scale. Geim and Novoselov et al. initiated the field in 2004 when they reported a new semiconducting material graphene, a flat monolayer of carbon atoms arranged in a 2D honeycomb lattice. [1]
This "epitaxial graphene" consists of a single-atom-thick hexagonal lattice of sp 2-bonded carbon atoms, as in free-standing graphene. However, significant charge transfers from the substrate to the epitaxial graphene, and in some cases, the d-orbitals of the substrate atoms hybridize with the π orbitals of graphene, which significantly alters ...
Doped metal oxides for use as transparent conducting layers in photovoltaic devices are typically grown on a glass substrate. This glass substrate, apart from providing a support that the oxide can grow on, has the additional benefit of blocking most infrared wavelengths greater than 2 μm for most silicates, and converting it to heat in the glass layer.
In physics, Dirac cones are features that occur in some electronic band structures that describe unusual electron transport properties of materials like graphene and topological insulators. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] In these materials, at energies near the Fermi level , the valence band and conduction band take the shape of the upper and lower halves ...
When light is absorbed by a material such as a semiconductor, the number of free electrons and holes increases, resulting in increased electrical conductivity. [2] To cause excitation, the light that strikes the semiconductor must have enough energy to raise electrons across the band gap , or to excite the impurities within the band gap.
A material with tunable thickness t and conductivity σ is suitable for optoelectronic applications if R s is reasonably small. Graphene is such a material; the number of graphene layers that comprise the film can tune t and the inherent tunability of graphene's optical properties via doping or grating can tune sigma.