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A generalized, schematic diagram of an activated sludge process. Activated sludge addition (seeding) to a pilot scale membrane bioreactor in Germany Activated sludge under the microscope Aerial photo of Kuryanovo wastewater treatment plant in Moscow, Russia
A chemostat (from chemical environment is static) is a bioreactor to which fresh medium is continuously added, while culture liquid containing left over nutrients, metabolic end products and microorganisms is continuously removed at the same rate to keep the culture volume constant.
Submerged membrane bioreactor systems became preferred to side stream configurations, especially for domestic wastewater treatment. The next key steps in membrane bioreactor development were the acceptance of modest fluxes (25 percent or less of those in the first generation) and the idea to use two-phase (bubbly) flow to control fouling.
In one case, a bioreactor is a vessel in which a chemical process is carried out which involves organisms or biochemically active substances derived from such organisms. This process can either be aerobic or anaerobic. These bioreactors are commonly cylindrical, ranging in size from litres to cubic metres, and are often made of stainless steel.
Packed bed and fluidized bed membrane reactors. Generally, membrane reactors can be classified based on the membrane position and reactor configuration. [1] Usually there is a catalyst inside: if the catalyst is installed inside the membrane, the reactor is called catalytic membrane reactor (CMR); [1] if the catalyst (and the support) are packed and fixed inside, the reactor is called packed ...
A process flow diagram (PFD) is a diagram commonly used in chemical and process engineering to indicate the general flow of plant processes and equipment. The PFD displays the relationship between major equipment of a plant facility and does not show minor details such as piping details and designations.
Due to early issues with biofilm reactors, like hydraulic instability and uneven biofilm distribution, moving bed biofilm technology was developed. [3] The MBBR system consists of an aeration tank (similar to an activated sludge tank) with special plastic carriers that provide a surface where a biofilm can grow.
The Knazek group was awarded the patent for hollow fiber bioreactor technology in 1974. [3] Based on this patented technology, companies began building different and larger (commercial) scale hollow fiber bioreactors, with significant development and technological improvement occurring in the late 1980s to early 1990s.