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Leishmania / l iː ʃ ˈ m eɪ n i ə,-ˈ m æ n-/ [1] is a parasitic protozoan, a single-celled organism of the genus Leishmania that is responsible for the disease leishmaniasis. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] They are spread by sandflies of the genus Phlebotomus in the Old World , and of the genus Lutzomyia in the New World .
Another large group of vectors are flies. Sandfly species transmit the disease leishmaniasis, by acting as vectors for protozoan Leishmania species, and tsetse flies transmit protozoan trypansomes (Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypansoma brucei rhodesiense) which cause African Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness). Ticks and lice form another ...
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: range of wild animals and domestic livestock transmitted by the bite of the tsetse fly 'Present in Africa for thousands of years' – major outbreak 1900–1920, cases continue (sub-Saharan Africa, 2020). Angiostrongyliasis: Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Angiostrongylus costaricensis: rats, cotton rats
Leishmaniasis is a wide array of clinical manifestations caused by protozoal parasites of the Trypanosomatida genus Leishmania. [7] It is generally spread through the bite of phlebotomine sandflies , Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia , and occurs most frequently in the tropics and sub-tropics of Africa, Asia, the Americas, and southern Europe.
The three major human diseases caused by trypanosomatids are; African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness, caused by Trypanosoma brucei and transmitted by tsetse flies [3]), South American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease, caused by T. cruzi and transmitted by triatomine bugs), and leishmaniasis (a set of trypanosomal diseases caused by various species of Leishmania transmitted by sandflies [4]).
Leishmania donovani is a species of intracellular parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania, a group of haemoflagellate kinetoplastids that cause the disease leishmaniasis. It is a human blood parasite responsible for visceral leishmaniasis or kala-azar , the most severe form of leishmaniasis.
Leishmania tropica is a flagellate parasite and the cause of anthroponotic [dubious – discuss] cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans. [2] This parasite is restricted to Afro-Eurasia and is a common cause of infection in Afghanistan , Iran , Syria , Yemen , Algeria , Morocco , and northern India .
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is an especially disturbing form of cutaneous leishmaniasis, because it produces destructive and disfiguring lesions of the face. It is most often caused by Leishmania braziliensis, but cases caused by L. aethiopica have also been described. [10] Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is very difficult to treat.