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The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, [b] formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania [c] and also referred to as Poland–Lithuania or the First Polish Republic, [d] [9] [10] was a federative real union [11] between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, existing from 1569 to 1795.
In the late 17th century Poland-Lithuania had virtually ceased to function as a coherent and genuinely independent state. During the 18th century, the Polish-Lithuanian federation became subject to manipulations by Sweden, Russia, the Kingdom of Prussia, France and Austria.
The French Society of Vexillology is the authority on the flying of flags in France and maintains the only official register of flags for the country. [1] It was established in 1985 and as part of the Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques operates under the authority of the Minister of Higher Education, Research and Innovation .
Sobieski's reign marked the last high point in the history of the Commonwealth: in the first half of the 18th century, Poland ceased to be an active player in international politics. The Treaty of Perpetual Peace (1686) with Russia was the final border settlement between the two countries before the First Partition of Poland in 1772. [42] [55]
The history of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1648–1764) covers a period in the history of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, from the time their joint state became the theater of wars and invasions fought on a great scale in the middle of the 17th century, to the time just before the election of Stanisław August Poniatowski, the last king of the Polish ...
In the 17th century, red replaced the orange as a flag colour, because the orange dye used on the flag was unstable, and turned red after exposure to the sun. It is the oldest tricolour flag still in national use [ 6 ] and has influenced both the French [ 3 ] (1794) and Russian flag [ 4 ] (1693); both of these flags have in turn influenced many ...
The first 20th-century incarnation of Poland, the Second Polish Republic, occupied 389,720 km 2 (150,470 sq mi), while, since 1945, a more westerly Poland covered 312,677 km 2 (120,725 sq mi). [ 5 ] The Poles are the most numerous of the West Slavs and occupy what some believe to be the original homeland of the Slavic peoples .
Thus, one could characterise Poland–Lithuania in its final period (mid-18th century) before the partitions as already in a state of disorder and not a completely sovereign state, and almost as a vassal state, [5] with Polish kings effectively chosen in diplomatic maneuvers between the great powers Prussia, Austria, Russia, and France. [6]