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The International Non-Profit Credit Rating Agency (INCRA for short) was a project to reform the assessment of states' creditworthiness. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It was intended to serve as a non-profit alternative to the commercially oriented rating agencies .
In psychology, agency signifies the concept of a person's ability to initiate and control their actions, and the feeling they have of being in charge of their actions. The topic of agency can be divided into two topical domains. The first half of the topic of agency deals with the behavioral sense, or outward expressive evidence thereof.
Mercantile credit agencies—the precursors of today's rating agencies—were established in the wake of the financial crisis of 1837. These agencies rated the ability of merchants to pay their debts and consolidated these ratings in published guides. [8] The first such agency was established in 1841 by Lewis Tappan in New York City.
The headquarters of the American Psychological Association in Washington, D.C.. The American Psychological Association (APA) is the main professional organization of psychologists in the United States, [1] and the largest psychological association in the world.
Psychology Today is an American media organization with a focus on psychology and human behavior. The publication began as a bimonthly magazine, which first appeared in 1967. The print magazine's reported circulation is 275,000 as of 2023. [ 2 ]
Charity assessment is the process of analysis of the goodness of a non-profit organization in financial terms. [1] Historically, charity evaluators have focused on the question of how much of contributed funds are used for the purpose(s) claimed by the charity, while more recently some evaluators have placed an emphasis on the cost effectiveness (or impact) of charities.
The US Securities and Exchange Commission fined six major credit rating organizations a total of $49 million for their “significant failures” to keep electronic communications.
According to a 2025 study, ratings by Charity Navigator shape donor behaviors, as donors increase their contributions to better rated charities. [7] The study also found that charities try to achieve better ratings by cutting expenditures on administration and fundraising, as well as misreporting or mislabelling expenditures to game the ratings.