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[3] The substantial similarity standard is used for all kinds of copyrighted subject matter: books, photographs, plays, music, software, etc. It may also cross media, as in Rogers v. Koons, where a sculptor was found to have infringed on a photograph. [1] [page needed] Substantial similarity is a question of fact that is decided by a jury.
The following standardized tests are designed and/or administered by state education agencies and/or local school districts in order to measure academic achievement across multiple grade levels in elementary, middle and senior high school, as well as for high school graduation examinations to measure proficiency for high school graduation.
The Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test (AFC) is a method of identifying substantial similarity for the purposes of applying copyright law. In particular, the AFC test is used to determine whether non-literal elements of a computer program have been copied by comparing the protectable elements of two programs.
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP); State achievement tests are standardized tests.These may be required in American public schools for the schools to receive federal funding, according to the US Public Law 107-110 originally passed as Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, and currently authorized as Every Student Succeeds Act in 2015.
Grades 2 through 8 tests cover mathematics and English/language arts (which includes writing in grades 4 and 7). Grades 9 through 11 cover English/language arts, mathematics, and science. History-social science tests are added for grades 8, 10 and 11 as well as science for grades 5 and 8. Except for writing, all questions are multiple-choice.
Similarity measures play a crucial role in many clustering techniques, as they are used to determine how closely related two data points are and whether they should be grouped together in the same cluster. A similarity measure can take many different forms depending on the type of data being clustered and the specific problem being solved.
The substantial presence rule can be complex, and examples can help make it concrete. Let’s say you are a citizen and resident of a country other than the United States.
The test statistic R is calculated in the following way: R = r B − r W M / 2 {\displaystyle R={\frac {r_{B}-r_{W}}{M/2}}} where r B is the average of rank similarities of pairs of samples (or replicates) originating from different sites, r W is the average of rank similarity of pairs among replicates within sites, and M = n ( n − 1)/2 where ...