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Coin flipping, coin tossing, or heads or tails is the practice of throwing a coin in the air and checking which side is showing when it lands, in order to randomly choose between two alternatives. It is a form of sortition which inherently has two possible outcomes.
Until the advent of computer simulations, Kerrich's study, published in 1946, was widely cited as evidence of the asymptotic nature of probability. It is still regarded as a classic study in empirical mathematics. 2,000 of their fair coin flip results are given by the following table, with 1 representing heads and 0 representing tails.
In some games, coins are placed tails (white cross) up. In casino games the coins are placed with opposing (one head, one tail) sides up. Toss the Kip The Spinner hands the kip back to the Ringkeeper before a possibly losing throw, i.e. to retire after a winning throw. Heads Both coins land with the "head" side facing up.
The first time heads appears, the game ends and the player wins whatever is the current stake. Thus the player wins 2 dollars if heads appears on the first toss, 4 dollars if tails appears on the first toss and heads on the second, 8 dollars if tails appears on the first two tosses and heads on the third, and so on.
A fair coin, when tossed, should have an equal chance of landing either side up. In probability theory and statistics, a sequence of independent Bernoulli trials with probability 1/2 of success on each trial is metaphorically called a fair coin. One for which the probability is not 1/2 is called a biased or unfair coin.
Alice and Bob are recently divorced, living in two separate cities, and want to decide who gets to keep the car. To decide, Alice wants to flip a coin over the telephone. However, Bob is concerned that if he were to tell Alice heads, she would flip the coin and automatically tell him that he lost. [12]
Persi Warren Diaconis (/ ˌ d aɪ ə ˈ k oʊ n ɪ s /; born January 31, 1945) is an American mathematician of Greek descent and former professional magician. [2] [3] He is the Mary V. Sunseri Professor of Statistics and Mathematics at Stanford University.
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