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The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land between 1095 and 1291 that had the objective of reconquering Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Muslim rule after the region had been conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate ...
From the 12th century onwards, the crusading movement generated propaganda material to spread the word. A good example was the work of a Dominican friar called Humbert of Romans . In 1268 he gathered the best crusading arguments in one work.
William of Tyre writing his history, from a 13th-century Old French translation, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, MS 2631, f.1r. The historiography of the Crusades is the study of history-writing and the written history, especially as an academic discipline, regarding the military expeditions initially undertaken by European Christians in the 11th, 12th, or 13th centuries to the Holy Land.
The numbering of this crusade followed the same history as the first ones, with English histories such as David Hume's The History of England (1754–1761) [43] and Charles Mills' History of the Crusades for the Recovery and Possession of the Holy Land (1820) [44] identifying it as the Third Crusade. The former only considers the follow-on ...
The Oxford History of the Crusades. Oxford, 2002. Steven Tibble, Monarchy and Lordships in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099–1291. Clarendon Press, 1989. Tyerman, Christopher (2006). God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Penguin. Tyerman, Christopher (2019). The World of the Crusades. Yale University Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-300-21739-1.
By the end of the 12th century, they were joined by the leaders of the military orders and in the 13th century the Italian communes. [206] The leaders of the Third Crusade ignored the monarchy. The kings of England and France agreed on the division of future conquests, as if there was no need to consider the local nobility.
Other current researchers include Christopher Tyerman (born 1953) whose God's War: A New History of the Crusades (2006) [208] is regarded as the definitive account of all the crusades. In his An Eyewitness History of the Crusades (2004), [209] Tyerman provides the history of the crusades told from original eyewitness sources, both Christian and ...
By the middle of the 11th century, Europe entered a new phase in its history, known as the "feudal revolution", [97] [98] which led to the economic and cultural boom of the 12th century. These processes were accelerated by the Crusades , which broke the cultural isolation of the Latin West and brought it into close contact with the Greco ...