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The Middle Miocene Climatic Transition (MMCT) was a relatively steady period of climatic cooling that occurred around the middle of the Miocene, roughly 14 million years ago (Ma), during the Langhian stage, [1] and resulted in the growth of ice sheet volumes globally, and the reestablishment of the ice of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS). [2]
The MWP is generally thought to have occurred from about 950 CE to about 1250 CE, during the European Middle Ages. [2] Some researchers divide the MWP into two phases: MWP-I, which began around 450 CE and ended around 900 CE, and MWP-II, which lasted from about 1000 CE to about 1300 CE; MWP-I is called the early Medieval Warm Period while MWP-II is called the conventional Medieval Warm Period. [8]
Global mean surface temperatures during the MMCO were approximately 18.4 °C, about 3 °C warmer than today and 4 °C warmer than preindustrial. [5] The latitudinal zone of tropical climate was significantly extended. [6] The latitudinal climate gradient was about 0.3 °C per degree of latitude. [7]
Historical climatology is the study of historical changes in climate and their effect on civilization from the emergence of homininis to the present day. It is concerned with the reconstruction of weather and climate and their effect on historical societies, including a culturally influenced history of science and perception. [1]
In Chapter 7 "Observed Climate Variations and Change", the Executive Summary on page 199 noted that palaeo-climatic evidence indicated surface temperature "fluctuations including the Holocene Optimum around 5,000-6,000 years ago, the shorter Medieval Warm Period around 1000 AD (which may not have been global) and the Little Ice Age which ended ...
Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. pp. 383– 464. ISBN 978-1-107-05799-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 December 2017.
From ancient times, people suspected that the climate of a region could change over the course of centuries. For example, Theophrastus, a pupil of Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle in the 4th century BC, told how the draining of marshes had made a particular locality more susceptible to freezing, and speculated that lands became warmer when the clearing of forests exposed them to sunlight.
Different sites often show climate changes at somewhat different times and lasting for different durations. At some locations, climate changes may have begun as early as 11,000 years ago or have persisted until 4,000 years ago. As noted above, the warmest interval in the far south significantly preceded warming in the north. [citation needed]