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the "Father of Canon Law" The period of canonical history known as the Ius novum ("new law") or middle period covers the time from Gratian to the Council of Trent (mid-12th century–16th century). [25] [28] The spurious conciliar canons and papal decrees were gathered together into collections, both unofficial and official.
The canon law as a system was more than rules; it was a process, a dialectical process of adapting rules to new situations. This was inevitable if only because of the limits imposed upon its jurisdiction, and the consequent competition which it faced from the secular legal systems that coexisted with it.
Cloistered nuns (Carmelites, for example) observe "papal enclosure" [11] rules, and their nunneries typically have walls separating the nuns from the outside world. The nuns rarely leave (except for medical necessity or occasionally for purposes related to their contemplative life) though they may receive visitors in specially built parlors ...
Due to restrictions on women religious, especially the obligation of cloister for nuns, congregations of women were not initially able to organize with their own superior general. In 1609, Mary Ward was the superior general of a religious institute that imitated the Jesuit model, but the institute was not accepted by the Roman Curia .
The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe, [17] much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions. The history of Latin canon law can be divided into four periods: the jus antiquum, the jus novum, the jus novissimum and ...
The former nun's attorney, Adeline le Gouvello de la Porte, said the court found that the Vatican's canonical investigation had violated several of the woman's fundamental rights, including the right to a defense. It said she was never told what she was accused of, or why she was being kicked out of the order.
Commercial law (or business law), [1] which is also known by other names such as mercantile law or trade law depending on jurisdiction; is the body of law that applies to the rights, relations, and conduct of persons and organizations engaged in commercial and business activities.
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