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Theory X and Theory Y are theories of human work motivation and management. They were created by Douglas McGregor while he was working at the MIT Sloan School of Management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. [1] McGregor's work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of Abraham Maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs.
Employee motivation is an intrinsic and internal drive to put forth the necessary effort and action towards work-related activities. It has been broadly defined as the "psychological forces that determine the direction of a person's behavior in an organisation, a person's level of effort and a person's level of persistence". [1]
In 1968 Herzberg stated that his two-factor theory study had already been replicated 16 times in a wide variety of populations, including some in Communist countries, and corroborated with studies using different procedures that agreed with his original findings regarding intrinsic employee motivation, making it one of the most widely ...
A common distinction among theories of motivation is between content theories and process theories. Content theories attempt to identify and describe the internal factors that motivate people, such as different types of needs, drives, and desires. They examine which goals motivate people.
Herzberg's theory challenged the assumption that "dissatisfaction was a result of an absence of factors giving rise to satisfaction". [7] Motivational factors will not necessarily lower motivation, but can be responsible for increasing motivation. These factors could involve job recognition, potential for promotion or even the work in itself. [6]
Edwin A. Locke (born May 15, 1938) is an American psychologist and a pioneer in goal-setting theory. He is a retired Dean's Professor of Motivation and Leadership at the Robert H. Smith School of Business at the University of Maryland, College Park. He was also affiliated with the Department of Psychology.
Javier Perez-Capdevila - strategic management and business analysis and valuation; Krishna Palepu - business analysis and valuation, financial statements; Scott Patterson; Keith Pavitt - innovation clusters and innovation taxonomy (1970s through 2000) Edith Penrose - The Theory of the Growth of the Firm (1959) Juan Antonio Pérez López ...
Theory Z of Ouchi is Dr. William Ouchi's so-called "Japanese Management" style popularized during the Asian economic boom of the 1980s.. For Ouchi, 'Theory Z' focused on increasing employee loyalty to the company by providing a job for life with a strong focus on the well-being of the employee, both on and off the job.