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The contribution of the muscle to the specific heat of the body is approximately 47%, and the contribution of the fat and skin is approximately 24%. The specific heat of tissues range from ~0.7 kJ · kg−1 · °C−1 for tooth (enamel) to 4.2 kJ · kg−1 · °C−1 for eye (sclera). [13]
The specific heat capacities of iron, granite, and hydrogen gas are about 449 J⋅kg −1 ⋅K −1, 790 J⋅kg −1 ⋅K −1, and 14300 J⋅kg −1 ⋅K −1, respectively. [4] While the substance is undergoing a phase transition , such as melting or boiling, its specific heat capacity is technically undefined, because the heat goes into ...
oil-based units: gigatonne of oil equivalent: Gtoe Gtoe 1.0 Gtoe (42 EJ) megatonne of oil equivalent: Mtoe Mtoe 1.0 Mtoe (42 PJ) kilotonne of oil equivalent: ktoe ktoe 1.0 ktoe (42 TJ) tonne of oil equivalent: toe toe 1.0 toe (42 GJ) kilo barrel of oil equivalent: kBOE (kbboe) kBOE 1.0 kBOE (6.1 TJ) barrel of oil equivalent: BOE BOE 1.0 BOE (6. ...
In all, the higher heating value of hydrogen is 18.2% above its lower heating value (142 MJ/kg vs. 120 MJ/kg). For hydrocarbons, the difference depends on the hydrogen content of the fuel. For gasoline and diesel the higher heating value exceeds the lower heating value by about 10% and 7%, respectively, and for natural gas about 11%.
The furnace transfers heat to the living space of the building through an intermediary distribution system. If the distribution is through hot water (or other fluid) or through steam, then the furnace is more commonly called a boiler. One advantage of a boiler is that the furnace can provide hot water for bathing and washing dishes, rather than ...
Defined as 1 ⁄ 100 of the amount of energy required to warm one gram of air-free water from 0 to 100 °C at standard atmospheric pressure. [b] International Steam Table calorie (1929) ≈ 4.1868 J ≈ 0.003 9683 BTU ≈ 1.1630 × 10 −6 kW⋅h ≈ 2.6132 × 10 19 eV Defined as 1 ⁄ 860 "international" watt hours = 180 ⁄ 43 "international ...
They typically use low power heating elements, about 1 kW to 1.5 kW, and can provide hot water long enough for hand washing, or, if plumbed into an existing hot water line, until hot water arrives from a remote high capacity water heater. They may be used when retrofitting a building with hot water plumbing is too costly or impractical.
Since the cycle's working fluid, water, changes from liquid to vapor and back during the cycle, their efficiencies depend on the thermodynamic properties of water. The thermal efficiency of modern steam turbine plants with reheat cycles can reach 47%, and in combined cycle plants, in which a steam turbine is powered by exhaust heat from a gas ...