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Rice blast causes economically significant crop losses annually. Each year it is estimated to destroy enough rice to feed more than 60 million people. The fungus is known to occur in 85 countries worldwide [ 15 ] and as of 2003 [update] was the most devastating fungal plant pathogen in the world.
Rice plants become infected with Xanthomonas oryzae through rice seed, stem and roots that are left behind at harvest, as well as alternative weed hosts. X. oryzae lives on dead plants and seeds and probably moves plant-to-plant best through pattywater from irrigation or storms. Upon introduction to the host plant, the bacterium infiltrates the ...
Cause undetermined golden apple snail Pomacea canaliculata: Pecky rice (kernel spotting) Feeding injury by rice stink bug, Oebalus pugnax: Rice tungro: Complex virus (Rice tungro bacilliform virus and Rice tungro spherical virus) transmitted by green leafhopper Nephotettix spp.) Straighthead [6] Arsenic induced, unknown physiological disorder
Oryza sativa, having the common name Asian cultivated rice, [2] is the much more common of the two rice species cultivated as a cereal, the other species being O. glaberrima, African rice. It was first domesticated in the Yangtze River basin in China 13,500 to 8,200 years ago.
Allochronic speciation (also known as allochronic isolation, or temporal isolation) is a form of speciation (specifically ecological speciation) arising from reproductive isolation that occurs due to a change in breeding time that reduces or eliminates gene flow between two populations of a species.
African rice is a tall rice plant, usually under 120 centimetres (47 in) but up to 5 metres (16 feet) for floating varieties, which may also branch and root from higher stem nodes. [4] Generally, African rice has small, pear-shaped grain, reddish bran and green to black hulls , straight, simply-branched panicles , and short, rounded ligules .
Rice plants infected with RRSV are stunted with whitish spindle-shaped outgrowths. Later the infected leaves become twisted with ragged edges, and may eventually turn brown. Rice plants may survive the infection, but yields are greatly reduced due to delayed flowering, incomplete panicle emergence, and unfilled grains. [ 6 ]
Rice-sheath blight is a disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani (teleomorph is Thanetophorus cucumeris), a basidiomycete, that causes major limitations on rice production in India and other countries of Asia. [1] It is also a problem in the southern US, where rice is also produced. [2] It can decrease yield up to 50%, and reduce its quality. [3]