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Macroscopic quantum phenomena are processes showing quantum behavior at the macroscopic scale, rather than at the atomic scale where quantum effects are prevalent. The best-known examples of macroscopic quantum phenomena are superfluidity and superconductivity; other examples include the quantum Hall effect, Josephson effect and topological order.
A macroscopic quantum state is a state of matter in which macroscopic properties, such as mechanical motion, [1] thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity [2] and viscosity, can be described only by quantum mechanics rather than merely classical mechanics. [3]
The carbon footprint explained Comparison of the carbon footprint of protein-rich foods [1]. A formal definition of carbon footprint is as follows: "A measure of the total amount of carbon dioxide (CO 2) and methane (CH 4) emissions of a defined population, system or activity, considering all relevant sources, sinks and storage within the spatial and temporal boundary of the population, system ...
At one point, when the overlap becomes significant, a macroscopic number of particles condense into the ground state. In condensed matter physics , a Bose–Einstein condensate ( BEC ) is a state of matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero , i.e., 0 K (− ...
Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory that describes the behavior of nature at and below the scale of atoms. [2]: 1.1 It is the foundation of all quantum physics, which includes quantum chemistry, quantum field theory, quantum technology, and quantum information science. Quantum mechanics can describe many systems that classical physics cannot.
Quantum biology is the study of applications of quantum mechanics and theoretical chemistry to aspects of biology that cannot be accurately described by the classical laws of physics. [1] An understanding of fundamental quantum interactions is important because they determine the properties of the next level of organization in biological systems.
A quantum fluid refers to any system that exhibits quantum mechanical effects at the macroscopic level such as superfluids, superconductors, ultracold atoms, etc. Typically, quantum fluids arise in situations where both quantum mechanical effects and quantum statistical effects are significant.
Quantum materials exhibit puzzling properties with no counterpart in the macroscopic world: quantum entanglement, quantum fluctuations, robust boundary states dependent on the topology of the materials' bulk wave functions, etc. [1] Quantum anomalies such as the chiral magnetic effect link some quantum materials with processes in high-energy ...