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Projected global surface temperature changes relative to 1850–1900, based on CMIP6 multi-model mean changes. The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report defines global mean surface temperature (GMST) as the "estimated global average of near-surface air temperatures over land and sea ice, and sea surface temperature (SST) over ice-free ocean regions, with changes normally expressed as departures from a ...
The temperature of the air near the surface of the Earth is measured at meteorological observatories and weather stations, usually using thermometers placed in a shelter such as a Stevenson screen—a standardized, well-ventilated, white-painted instrument shelter. The thermometers should be positioned 1.25–2 m above the ground.
Land surface temperature anomalies for a given month compared to the long-term average temperature of that month between 2000-2008. [ 7 ] Sea surface temperature anomalies for a given month compared to the long-term average temperature of that month from 1985 through 1997.
An example of the reports available is this chart that shows the average surface temperature anomaly for the continental US for the period January 2005 to October 2023. [11] In this context anomaly is defined as a deviation from a trend established from historical observations of temperature. For this chart, the trend is expressed as zero ...
According to the website, each monthly issue "contains monthly mean temperature, pressure, precipitation, vapor pressure, and sunshine for approximately 2,000 surface data collection stations worldwide and monthly mean upper air temperatures, dew point depressions, and wind velocities for approximately 500 observing sites.
While hiatus periods have appeared in surface-air temperature records, other components of the climate system associated with warming have continued. Sea level rise has not stopped in recent years, [30] and Arctic sea ice decline has continued. There have been repeated records set for extreme surface temperatures. [31] [32] [33]
The NOAA weather station at Wake Island harbor measures and transmits data on wind speed, ... Thermometer for measuring air and sea surface temperature;
The temperature announced reflects that of the ice surface, while the Vostok readings measured the air above the ice, and so the two are not directly comparable. More recent work [5] shows many locations in the high Antarctic where surface temperatures drop to approximately −98 °C (−144 °F; 175 K). Due to the very strong temperature ...