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Magnitude scales measure the inherent force or strength of an earthquake – an event occurring at greater or lesser depth. (The "M w" scale is widely used.) The MM scale measures intensity of shaking, at any particular location, on the surface. It was developed from Giuseppe Mercalli's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902.
Seismic moment is measured in newton-meters (N m or N⋅m) in the SI, or dyne-centimeters (dyn⋅cm; 1 dyn⋅cm = 10 −7 N⋅m) in the older CGS system. In the simplest case the moment can be calculated knowing only the amount of slip, the area of the surface ruptured or slipped, and a factor for the resistance or friction encountered.
The international scale of river difficulty is an American system used to rate the difficulty of navigating a stretch of river, or a single (sometimes whitewater) rapid. [1] The scale was created by the American Whitewater Association to evaluate rivers throughout the world, hence international in the title. [ 2 ]
A ship in a force 12 ("hurricane-force") storm at sea, the highest rated on the Beaufort scale. The Beaufort scale (/ ˈ b oʊ f ər t / BOH-fərt) is an empirical measure that relates wind speed to observed conditions at sea or on land. Its full name is the Beaufort wind force scale.
The JMA scale is expressed in levels of seismic intensity from 0 to 7 in a manner similar to that of the Mercalli intensity scale, which is not commonly used in Japan.The JMA uses seismic intensity meters to automatically calculate ground acceleration in real-time, reporting intensities based on measurements from observation points.
Stream power is the rate of potential energy loss per unit of channel length. [7] This potential energy is lost moving particles along the stream bed. = where is the stream power, is the density of water, is the gravitational acceleration, is the channel slope, and is the discharge of the stream.
As officials assess flood damage in the Central Coast and Central Valley, more rain moves in. Southern California will see rain Tuesday and Wednesday.
The classification of a sinuosity (e.g. strong / weak) often depends on the cartographic scale of the curve (see the coastline paradox for further details) and of the object velocity which flowing therethrough (river, avalanche, car, bicycle, bobsleigh, skier, high speed train, etc.): the sinuosity of the same curved line could be considered ...