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According to Bisel et al. (2011), "denying unethical communication challenges both positive and negative face of the hearer”. An expression of disapproval threatens a person's positive face which indicates the hearer's need for approval and it impacts the person's negative face because it affects the person's autonomy.
[13] [14] [7] [8] According to Brown and Levinson's assumption in politeness theory based on Goffman's "face", one's face is categorized into two forms: positive and negative. [15] [3] Brown and Levinson defined positive face two ways: as "the want of every member that his wants be desirable to at least some others executors" (p. 62), or ...
"Fellowship face" describes a desire to seem cooperative, accepted, and loved. "Competence face" describes a desire to appear intelligent, accomplished, and capable. [49] [45] [page needed] Oetzel et al. (2000) defined "facework" as "the communicative strategies one uses to enact self-face and to uphold, support, or challenge another person's ...
The first essay, "On Face-work", discusses the concept of face, which is the positive self-image a person holds when interacting with others. Goffman believes that face "as a sociological construct of interaction is neither inherent in nor a permanent aspect of the person". [ 6 ]
Identity management theory explores the role of face, negotiation, and identity convergence in regard to intercultural communication. IMT seeks to explain how the development of interpersonal relationships is the means by which cultural identities are negotiated. [ 1 ]
Another form of defensive behavior in communication is superiority. [3] This is when a person believes that they are better than the listener and can be shown by the way the speaker delivers the message. [citation needed] Equality is a contrasting behavior and shows that all people have self-worth. [3]
Marion County Election Board [citation needed], a facial challenge has been rejected with either the court or concurring Justices intimating that the upheld statute might be vulnerable to an as-applied challenge. In First Amendment cases, another type of facial challenge is enunciated in the overbreadth doctrine. If a statute reaches to include ...
The basis of CAT lies in the idea that people adjust (or accommodate) their style of speech and nonverbal behavior to one another. [2] Convergence is a form of accommodation in which there are changes in the kinesics (face and body motion), haptics (touch), physical appearance, chronemics (time use), artifacts (personal objects), proxemics ...